Before you read the contents of this blog, I hope you don't mind to know a little bit about me......
My name is Herti Damayanti. I am student of faculty of English Teachers training and Education Sciences of Pakuan University Bogor. I am on seven semester right now. Honestly, the aim of the this blog which I made is for submitted the tasks of Cross Cultural Understanding subject. so, if there any mistake or some errors on it,or maybe it makes you don't understand at all, please for give me. and I really appreciate if you give me some comments, so, next I'll do it much better.ok see you. ..
Sabtu, 26 Januari 2008
Moslems New Year
The Islamic New Year is a cultural event which some Muslims partake on
the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.
Many Muslims use the day to remember the significance of this month,
and the Hijra, or emigration, Prophet Muhammad made to the city now
known as Medina. Recently, in many areas of Muslim population, people
have begun exchanging cards and gifts on this day.
However, not all Muslims take part in this event.Shia Muslims do not,
since the month is observed as a month of mourning in honor of Imam
Husayn ibn Ali, who was martyred in the Battle of Karbala on Muharram
10th. Sunni Muslims believe that this is the day that the first Caliph
(Abu Bakr) died.
Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than
the solar year, Muharram migrates throughout the seasons. The
estimated start dates for Muharram are as follows (all future dates
are estimates and depend on sightings of the new moon), though
strictly speaking the month starts at sunset on previous day:
• 1428 AH: 20 January 2007
• 1429 AH: 10 January 2008
• 1430 AH: 29 December 2008
• 1431 AH: 18 December 2009
• 1432 AH: 7 December 2010
• 1433 AH: 26 November 2011
• 1434 AH: 15 November 2012
Beside Moslem New Year, There are many celebration about new year in
the world, such as :
• Yuan Tan (Chinese)
• Shougatsu (Japanese)
• Hogmanay (Scottish)
• Chaul Chnam Thmey (Cambodian)
• Nouruz (Iranian)
• Tet Nguryen Dan (Vietnamese)
• Festival of Saint Basil (Greek)
• Rosh Hashanah (Jewish)
• Sylvesterabend (Austrian)
• Ano Nuevo (Hispanic)
• New Year (American)
• Diwali (India)
• Nos Galan (Welsh)
Islam organizes the years through a calendar based on a key event in
moslem history. This event is the hijra, the exodus of Mohammed's
followers from Mecca to Medina to avoid persecution. This happened in
the year 622 CE. For Islam, this year became year 1, and the years are
counted from this point. (The Hijri calendar started on July 16, 622,
to be exact.) The English language designation for this calendar is
AH, "After Hijra." So 1997 CE is 1417 AH. In Islamic countries such as
Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the countries of the Persian Gulf, the Hijra
calendar provides the means of keeping track of time, just as the
Christian calendar (based on the supposed date of Jesus' birth)
provides the dating system in the Christian West. Other countries such
as Egypt, Jordan, and Syria use both the Hijri calendar and the
Gregorian calendar in use in the West side-by-side.
The moslem calendar is based solely on the cycles of the moon. There
are twelve months of 29 or 30 days each. Since the lunar year consists
of 354 days, it does not match with the solar year. Thus, the New Year
and the months rotate through the seasons. Sometimes the New Year is
in the summer, other times the New Year is in the winter. This
rotation takes 32 and a half years to complete. Unlike some other
religions that use a lunar calendar (such as Judaism), Islam makes no
adjustments to "correct" the lunar calendar to fit the solar. Take a
moment to imagine how this affects a person's perception of time. In
lands where the Christian calendar (a solar calendar) applies, the
months and the seasons are linked; July is always a hot summer month,
October is always an autumn month. But in Islamic countries, the
months and the seasons are not linked. The month of Ramadan,
therefore, can be a spring month and then over a few years will become
a summer month.
The Islamic names for the twelve months are: 1) Muharram, 2) Safar, 3)
Raby al-Awal, 4) Raby al-Thaany, 5) Jumaada al-Awal, 6) Jumaada
al-Thaany, 7) Rajab, 8) Shabaan, 9) Ramadhan, 10) Shawwal, 11) Thw
al-Qidah, 12) Thw al-Hijja
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the
end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that
measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations.
Based on its, I think people in the world have to be remember all
about new year and have to tolerance to the people to celebrate the
new year in any kind. Because all people in the world have a right for it.
References :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_New_Year - Similar pages
uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/islam/ITIME.HTM - Similar
The Islamic New Year is a cultural event which some Muslims partake on
the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.
Many Muslims use the day to remember the significance of this month,
and the Hijra, or emigration, Prophet Muhammad made to the city now
known as Medina. Recently, in many areas of Muslim population, people
have begun exchanging cards and gifts on this day.
However, not all Muslims take part in this event.Shia Muslims do not,
since the month is observed as a month of mourning in honor of Imam
Husayn ibn Ali, who was martyred in the Battle of Karbala on Muharram
10th. Sunni Muslims believe that this is the day that the first Caliph
(Abu Bakr) died.
Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than
the solar year, Muharram migrates throughout the seasons. The
estimated start dates for Muharram are as follows (all future dates
are estimates and depend on sightings of the new moon), though
strictly speaking the month starts at sunset on previous day:
• 1428 AH: 20 January 2007
• 1429 AH: 10 January 2008
• 1430 AH: 29 December 2008
• 1431 AH: 18 December 2009
• 1432 AH: 7 December 2010
• 1433 AH: 26 November 2011
• 1434 AH: 15 November 2012
Beside Moslem New Year, There are many celebration about new year in
the world, such as :
• Yuan Tan (Chinese)
• Shougatsu (Japanese)
• Hogmanay (Scottish)
• Chaul Chnam Thmey (Cambodian)
• Nouruz (Iranian)
• Tet Nguryen Dan (Vietnamese)
• Festival of Saint Basil (Greek)
• Rosh Hashanah (Jewish)
• Sylvesterabend (Austrian)
• Ano Nuevo (Hispanic)
• New Year (American)
• Diwali (India)
• Nos Galan (Welsh)
Islam organizes the years through a calendar based on a key event in
moslem history. This event is the hijra, the exodus of Mohammed's
followers from Mecca to Medina to avoid persecution. This happened in
the year 622 CE. For Islam, this year became year 1, and the years are
counted from this point. (The Hijri calendar started on July 16, 622,
to be exact.) The English language designation for this calendar is
AH, "After Hijra." So 1997 CE is 1417 AH. In Islamic countries such as
Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the countries of the Persian Gulf, the Hijra
calendar provides the means of keeping track of time, just as the
Christian calendar (based on the supposed date of Jesus' birth)
provides the dating system in the Christian West. Other countries such
as Egypt, Jordan, and Syria use both the Hijri calendar and the
Gregorian calendar in use in the West side-by-side.
The moslem calendar is based solely on the cycles of the moon. There
are twelve months of 29 or 30 days each. Since the lunar year consists
of 354 days, it does not match with the solar year. Thus, the New Year
and the months rotate through the seasons. Sometimes the New Year is
in the summer, other times the New Year is in the winter. This
rotation takes 32 and a half years to complete. Unlike some other
religions that use a lunar calendar (such as Judaism), Islam makes no
adjustments to "correct" the lunar calendar to fit the solar. Take a
moment to imagine how this affects a person's perception of time. In
lands where the Christian calendar (a solar calendar) applies, the
months and the seasons are linked; July is always a hot summer month,
October is always an autumn month. But in Islamic countries, the
months and the seasons are not linked. The month of Ramadan,
therefore, can be a spring month and then over a few years will become
a summer month.
The Islamic names for the twelve months are: 1) Muharram, 2) Safar, 3)
Raby al-Awal, 4) Raby al-Thaany, 5) Jumaada al-Awal, 6) Jumaada
al-Thaany, 7) Rajab, 8) Shabaan, 9) Ramadhan, 10) Shawwal, 11) Thw
al-Qidah, 12) Thw al-Hijja
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the
end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that
measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations.
Based on its, I think people in the world have to be remember all
about new year and have to tolerance to the people to celebrate the
new year in any kind. Because all people in the world have a right for it.
References :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_New_Year - Similar pages
uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/islam/ITIME.HTM - Similar
Pilgrimages
In religion and spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or search
of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred
place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members
of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes
such a journey is called a pilgrim.
The Hajj was based on a pilgrimage that was ancient even in the time
of Muhammad in the 7th Century. According to Hadith, elements of the
Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham, around 2000 BC, and it is
believed that Prophet Abraham was ordered by God (Allah) to leave his
son Ismael and his wife in the desert. The wife agreed to the orders
of Allah and so did Prophet Abraham.While Abraham's wife ran back and
forth seven times searching for water for her son Ismael, he started
to cry and he hit the ground with his feet and the water of the Zam
Zam started coming up from under his feet and that is how the Zam Zam
well came to be. Each year tribes from all around the Arabian
peninsula would converge on Mecca, as part of the pilgrimage. The
exact faith of the tribes was not important at that time, and
Christian Arabs were as likely to make the pilgrimage as the pagans.
Muslim historians refer to the time before Muhammad as al-Jahiliyah,
the "Days of Ignorance", during which the Kaaba contained hundreds of
idols representing totems of each of the tribes of the Arabian
peninsula. The idols represented multiple faiths, from pagan gods to
symbols of Jesus, Mary, Hubal and Allah . Muhammad was known to
regularly perform the Umrah, even before he began receiving
revelations. Historically, Muslims would gather at various meeting
points in other great cities, and then proceed en masse towards Mecca,
in groups that could comprise tens of thousands of pilgrims. Two of
the most famous meeting points were in Cairo and Damascus. In Cairo,
the Sultan would stand atop a platform of the famous gate Bab Zuwayla,
to officially watch the beginning of the annual pilgrimage.
In 632 AD, when Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, it
was the first Hajj to be performed by Muslims alone, and the only Hajj
ever performed by Muhammad. It was at this point that the Hajj became
one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The Kaaba had been cleansed of the
previous idols, and Muhammad ordained it as the house of God.
After I get the information about the pilgrimage, First, I think It is
a ritual that is designed to promote the bonds of Islamic brotherhood
and sisterhood by showing that everyone is equal in the eyes of
Allah.Secondly,The Hajj makes Muslims feel real importance of life
here on earth, and the afterlife, by stripping away all markers of
social status, wealth, and pride. In the Hajj all are truly equal.
Finally,For Muslims, the Hajj is the fifth and final pillar of Islam.
It occurs in the month of Dhul Hijjah which is the twelfth month of
the Islamic lunar calendar. It is the journey that every sane adult
Muslim must undertake at least once in their lives if they can afford
it and are physically able.
This Day at Assisi has helped us become more aware of our religious
commitments. But is has also made the world, looking at us through the
media, more aware of the responsibility of each religion regarding
problems of war and peace.More perhaps than ever before in history,
the intrinsic link between an authentic religious attitude and the
great good of peace has become evident to all.What a tremendous weight
for human shoulders to carry! But at the same time what a marvelous,
exhilarating call to follow.Although prayer is in itself action, this
does not excuse us from working for peace. Here we are acting as the
heralds of the moral awareness of humanity as such, humanity that
wants peace, needs peace.Peace awaits its prophets. Together we have
filled our eyes with visions of peace: they release energies for a new
language of peace, for new gestures of peace, gestures which will
shatter the fatal chains of divisions inherited from history or
spawned by modern ideologies.
References
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage - 94k - Cached - Similar pages
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj - 84k - Cached - Similar pages
www.vatican.va/.../speeches/1986/October/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-\
peace-assisi-final_en.html
- 20k - Cached - Similar pages
In religion and spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or search
of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred
place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members
of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes
such a journey is called a pilgrim.
The Hajj was based on a pilgrimage that was ancient even in the time
of Muhammad in the 7th Century. According to Hadith, elements of the
Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham, around 2000 BC, and it is
believed that Prophet Abraham was ordered by God (Allah) to leave his
son Ismael and his wife in the desert. The wife agreed to the orders
of Allah and so did Prophet Abraham.While Abraham's wife ran back and
forth seven times searching for water for her son Ismael, he started
to cry and he hit the ground with his feet and the water of the Zam
Zam started coming up from under his feet and that is how the Zam Zam
well came to be. Each year tribes from all around the Arabian
peninsula would converge on Mecca, as part of the pilgrimage. The
exact faith of the tribes was not important at that time, and
Christian Arabs were as likely to make the pilgrimage as the pagans.
Muslim historians refer to the time before Muhammad as al-Jahiliyah,
the "Days of Ignorance", during which the Kaaba contained hundreds of
idols representing totems of each of the tribes of the Arabian
peninsula. The idols represented multiple faiths, from pagan gods to
symbols of Jesus, Mary, Hubal and Allah . Muhammad was known to
regularly perform the Umrah, even before he began receiving
revelations. Historically, Muslims would gather at various meeting
points in other great cities, and then proceed en masse towards Mecca,
in groups that could comprise tens of thousands of pilgrims. Two of
the most famous meeting points were in Cairo and Damascus. In Cairo,
the Sultan would stand atop a platform of the famous gate Bab Zuwayla,
to officially watch the beginning of the annual pilgrimage.
In 632 AD, when Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, it
was the first Hajj to be performed by Muslims alone, and the only Hajj
ever performed by Muhammad. It was at this point that the Hajj became
one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The Kaaba had been cleansed of the
previous idols, and Muhammad ordained it as the house of God.
After I get the information about the pilgrimage, First, I think It is
a ritual that is designed to promote the bonds of Islamic brotherhood
and sisterhood by showing that everyone is equal in the eyes of
Allah.Secondly,The Hajj makes Muslims feel real importance of life
here on earth, and the afterlife, by stripping away all markers of
social status, wealth, and pride. In the Hajj all are truly equal.
Finally,For Muslims, the Hajj is the fifth and final pillar of Islam.
It occurs in the month of Dhul Hijjah which is the twelfth month of
the Islamic lunar calendar. It is the journey that every sane adult
Muslim must undertake at least once in their lives if they can afford
it and are physically able.
This Day at Assisi has helped us become more aware of our religious
commitments. But is has also made the world, looking at us through the
media, more aware of the responsibility of each religion regarding
problems of war and peace.More perhaps than ever before in history,
the intrinsic link between an authentic religious attitude and the
great good of peace has become evident to all.What a tremendous weight
for human shoulders to carry! But at the same time what a marvelous,
exhilarating call to follow.Although prayer is in itself action, this
does not excuse us from working for peace. Here we are acting as the
heralds of the moral awareness of humanity as such, humanity that
wants peace, needs peace.Peace awaits its prophets. Together we have
filled our eyes with visions of peace: they release energies for a new
language of peace, for new gestures of peace, gestures which will
shatter the fatal chains of divisions inherited from history or
spawned by modern ideologies.
References
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage - 94k - Cached - Similar pages
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj - 84k - Cached - Similar pages
www.vatican.va/.../speeches/1986/October/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-\
peace-assisi-final_en.html
- 20k - Cached - Similar pages
Democrary and culture
The relation between democracy and culture
The relation between democracy and perceived subjective well-being
while controlling for other relevant determinants such as culture
measured by languages.There is a conduct a cross-national analysis
covering any countries. Contrasting existing empirical evidence, it'
observe a significant positive relationship between democracy and
happiness even when controlling for income and culture measured by
language and religion. The effect of democracy on happiness is
stronger in countries with an established democratic tradition.
Developments over the past forty years – the growth of an enormous
entertainment and media industry, the embrace of popular culture by
mainstream cultural institutions, the dominance of American popular
culture abroad, the institutionalization of the academic study of
popular culture – might seem to have rendered such questions outdated.
We do not think so. On the contrary, it strikes us how intensively
divided opinion on them remains. In the two decades following the
apparent triumph of the democratic idea in world politics we have seen
the rise of a renewed pessimism about the cultural possibilities of
democratic life in the West and around the world. There are such
concerns simply another form of American provincialism and we can
really say we understand the nature and effects of popular culture,
and the role it plays in modern democratic life.
So, I think democracy in Culture will bring together a group of
journalistic critics to discuss how they see the relation between high
and popular culture in their own domains today, and what forces for
democratization are at work in them.
The relation between democracy and perceived subjective well-being
while controlling for other relevant determinants such as culture
measured by languages.There is a conduct a cross-national analysis
covering any countries. Contrasting existing empirical evidence, it'
observe a significant positive relationship between democracy and
happiness even when controlling for income and culture measured by
language and religion. The effect of democracy on happiness is
stronger in countries with an established democratic tradition.
Developments over the past forty years – the growth of an enormous
entertainment and media industry, the embrace of popular culture by
mainstream cultural institutions, the dominance of American popular
culture abroad, the institutionalization of the academic study of
popular culture – might seem to have rendered such questions outdated.
We do not think so. On the contrary, it strikes us how intensively
divided opinion on them remains. In the two decades following the
apparent triumph of the democratic idea in world politics we have seen
the rise of a renewed pessimism about the cultural possibilities of
democratic life in the West and around the world. There are such
concerns simply another form of American provincialism and we can
really say we understand the nature and effects of popular culture,
and the role it plays in modern democratic life.
So, I think democracy in Culture will bring together a group of
journalistic critics to discuss how they see the relation between high
and popular culture in their own domains today, and what forces for
democratization are at work in them.
MY best experience
The experience which makes me to change the way of thinking
Talking about experiences which make us change the way of
thinking.....I think everyone in this world must be has it including
me of course. As we know experience is a best teacher in our life and
that motto is still keep in my mind. I have best of the best
experience in my life, it happened long times ago. I ever met a boy
and I was admire him since we have in the same class in Senior High
school, not so long he become my boyfriend.at that time I was proud
become his girlfriend because he was a most cute boy, every time he
seem so perfect for me and I thought he will make me always feel happy
. But he disappointed me with his bad characteristics. he always play
with another girls and didn't care about their hurt feeling. Because
of that,I see now that not every outside beauty has a beauty inside.It
mean sometimes we have to see someone not because his physics but we
have to see the most important such as the attitude.
Talking about experiences which make us change the way of
thinking.....I think everyone in this world must be has it including
me of course. As we know experience is a best teacher in our life and
that motto is still keep in my mind. I have best of the best
experience in my life, it happened long times ago. I ever met a boy
and I was admire him since we have in the same class in Senior High
school, not so long he become my boyfriend.at that time I was proud
become his girlfriend because he was a most cute boy, every time he
seem so perfect for me and I thought he will make me always feel happy
. But he disappointed me with his bad characteristics. he always play
with another girls and didn't care about their hurt feeling. Because
of that,I see now that not every outside beauty has a beauty inside.It
mean sometimes we have to see someone not because his physics but we
have to see the most important such as the attitude.
My opinion after I read one of the book of Michael T. Kaufman
Why Michael T. Kaufman tell about his own prejudice and stupidity ?
After I have read the story " Of my friend Hector and My Achilles
Heel", I have conclusion that the story tell about his weakness about
something in his life personality especially about how he kept his
relationship with his childhood friend, Hector.They were friend when
they were a - 7 year-old living in the same apartment on street
between Columbus and Manhattan Avenue in New York City. He was Jewish
one around and hector were the first Puerto Rican.At that time they
liked each other and became best friend. But after one year their
met,Michael moved with his family to another part of Manhattan's west
side and they didn't see each other until Michael entered his Junior
high school and he got a special class. The situation of that school
change his mind and he began to forget his friend, Hector. he thought
a clever student like him would be more easy to get a success in the
future and he thought that everything happened in his life was more
great than his Childhood friend, Hector. But in the real life, his
childhood friend, Hector, who was he perfunctory, became a famous
actor. Now he realize that he has to reply the subway rides in his
head and tried to fathom why he thought had led him where people
did.He felt regret of what he has done to his childhood friend.If he
didn't perfunctory Hector at that time may be this time they still
become a best friend like they were to be.
After I have read the story " Of my friend Hector and My Achilles
Heel", I have conclusion that the story tell about his weakness about
something in his life personality especially about how he kept his
relationship with his childhood friend, Hector.They were friend when
they were a - 7 year-old living in the same apartment on street
between Columbus and Manhattan Avenue in New York City. He was Jewish
one around and hector were the first Puerto Rican.At that time they
liked each other and became best friend. But after one year their
met,Michael moved with his family to another part of Manhattan's west
side and they didn't see each other until Michael entered his Junior
high school and he got a special class. The situation of that school
change his mind and he began to forget his friend, Hector. he thought
a clever student like him would be more easy to get a success in the
future and he thought that everything happened in his life was more
great than his Childhood friend, Hector. But in the real life, his
childhood friend, Hector, who was he perfunctory, became a famous
actor. Now he realize that he has to reply the subway rides in his
head and tried to fathom why he thought had led him where people
did.He felt regret of what he has done to his childhood friend.If he
didn't perfunctory Hector at that time may be this time they still
become a best friend like they were to be.
Bilingualism Goal By Barbara Mujica
I think she tells us about her Hispanic family. based on her
children's experience in their school, she tells us although English
is important for future of all people in the world and especially for
her own life,but Spanish as their mother tongue should not be
forgotten because everything which related with their custom is more
important than everything in this world.
I think she tells us about her Hispanic family. based on her
children's experience in their school, she tells us although English
is important for future of all people in the world and especially for
her own life,but Spanish as their mother tongue should not be
forgotten because everything which related with their custom is more
important than everything in this world.
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